Vocal repertoire and acoustic behavior of the isolated AT1 killer whale subpopulation in southern Alaska

نویسندگان

  • Eva L. Saulitis
  • Craig O. Matkin
  • Francis H. Fay
چکیده

Killer whales, Orcinus orca (L., 1758), in the North Pacific are classified as three genetically distinct ecotypes: residents (fish-eaters), transients (mammal-eaters), and offshores (probable fish-eaters). Within the transient ecotype, three putative subpopulations have been identified by genetic analysis: West Coast transients, Gulf of Alaska transients, and AT1 transients. Here, we examine the behavior and vocalizations of the AT1 transients, which are found only in the Prince William Sound/Kenai Fjords region, to determine if their acoustic behavior distinguishes them from other genetically distinct transient subpopulations. We identified 14 discrete, pulsed calls in the vocal repertoire of the AT1 transients. These calls were entirely different than those of West Coast and sympatric Gulf of Alaska transients. Despite their large call repertoire, AT1 transients were silent most of the time, utilizing a foraging strategy of stealth, acoustic crypsis, and passive listening for locating marine-mammal prey. Unlike resident killer whales, AT1 transient vocalization types were context specific. For example, lone AT1 transients produced long-distance, high-amplitude pulsed calls in stereotyped sequences to locate other AT1 whales. In contrast, hunting individuals emitted lowamplitude pulsed calls to maintain contact with group members. The repertoire and call-usage patterns of the AT1 transients are consistent with genetic evidence that they are a unique, reproductively and socially isolated subpopulation in danger of extinction. Résumé : Les orques, Orcinus orca (L., 1758), du Pacifique nord se répartissent en trois écotypes génétiquement distincts : les résidants (piscivores), les vagabonds (mangeurs de mammifères) et les orques du large (probablement piscivores). Trois sous-populations putatives ont été identifiées par analyse génétique dans l’écotype des vagabonds : les vagabonds de la côte ouest, les vagabonds du golfe de l’Alaska et les vagabonds AT1. Nous examinons ici le comportement et les vocalises des vagabonds AT1 qui se retrouvent seulement dans la région du détroit du Prince-William et des fjords de Kenai afin de déterminer si leur comportement acoustique les distingue des autres sous-populations génétiquement distinctes de vagabonds AT1. Nous avons identifié 14 appels à impulsions séparés dans le répertoire des vagabonds AT1. Ces appels sont complètement différents de ceux des vagabonds de la côte ouest et de ceux des vagabonds sympatriques du golfe de l’Alaska. Malgré leur riche répertoire d’appels, les vagabonds AT1 sont silencieux la plupart du temps et utilisent une stratégie alimentaire impliquant la sournoiserie, la dissimulation acoustique et l’écoute passive pour localiser les mammifères marins qui leur servent de proies. Contrairement aux orques résidants, les vagabonds AT1 ont des types de vocalises associés au contexte. Par exemple, les vagabonds AT1 solitaires produisent des appels à impulsions de longue distance et de grande amplitude en séquences stéréotypées afin de localiser d’autres épaulards AT1. Au contraire, les individus en chasse émettent des appels à impulsions de faible amplitude afin de maintenir un contact avec les membres du groupe. Le répertoire et les patterns d’utilisation des appels des vagabonds AT1 s’accordent avec les données génétiques pour établir qu’il s’agit d’une sous-population particulière, isolée reproductivement et socialement et en danger de disparition. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Saulitis et al. 1029

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تاریخ انتشار 2005